JURIDICAL VENGEANCE OR CO-SUFFERING LOVE by Metropolitan Antony

JURIDICAL VENGEANCE OR CO-SUFFERING LOVE
A More Positive Exposition for the Moral Content
of the Dogma Of Redemption^[i]

In order to provide a completely Orthodox interpretation of the dogma of redemption for people interested in theological questions, it is necessary to produce a feasible work in which the interpretation of this dogma is the central thesis. Therefore, we will present our treatise in the same order as we have presented it in public lectures and class discussions, that is, by observing what constantly occurs before our eyes in life.

The assimilation of redemption by faith is regeneration, despite the notions of scholastic theology, which separates one from the other. The attentive observer of life will have seen cases of spiritual regeneration more than once, or may even have consciously experienced it in himself, if his piety was not innate, but was acquired after a temporary rejection of God and His command­ments. Lutheran and even Russian theologians like to demonstrate regeneration by the parable about the prodigal son; but in this parable we are shown only the first step in regeneration -- (with Lutheran theologians, the matter ends with this). The matter was accomplished more fully before the eyes of Christ's apostles in the person of Zacchaeus, who not only came to repentance, but also undertook the struggle of a decisive change of his life, for which reason the Lord said: "Today is salvation come into this house." This example is of special value because the regeneration of Zacchaeus took place under the direct influence of our Redeemer.

Some readers, especially priests, will have certainly witnessed similar actions of grace in the life of some person, but these events probably did not take place so suddenly, rather the person went through a lengthy struggle with repeated falls. What are the conscious influences under which such a struggle as this is accomplished? (By "conscious" I mean someone's deliberate effort to bring reason to one who has fallen, or to bring an apostate to the path of truth). There are three types of such influences: admonition, example and something greater, about which we will speak later.

A person who is not deeply corrupted, who believes and still prays, but who has gone astray, is sometimes brought to reason simply by exhortation and good example, but these means can help only such sinners as have not yet lost God's grace and can still stand up for themselves. Where, however, these means have shaken someone's soul very deeply (as for example the prayer of the traveller which the harlot Eudoxia heard through the wall, and because of which she later became a holy martyr) this is not accomplished by their own power, but by a power which is placed into them. This power is the force of regeneration, and by this power Christ has redeemed us.       

"What?" the reader will exclaim, "You are ascribing redeeming power to mortals? Is there not only one Redeemer?" Of course, there is only one Redeemer, but by grace He grants a certain portion of this power to His servants and especially to His priests. You would not dare to reproach Apostle Paul when he says, "We are co‑workers with God, and you are God's husbandry and God's building" (1Cor.3:9). And who does not remember these words of his: "Though you have ten thousand instructors in Christ, yet you do not have many fathers: for in Christ Jesus, I have given you birth through the Gospel" (1 Cor.4:15). So the apostle calls himself a worker of -- more exactly, a participant -- of the regeneration of the believer, and not only of their regeneration, but also of their salvation: "I have become all things to all men, that I might in any case save some" (1Cor. 9:22).

 

We must first ascertain what is the inner power of a spiritual shepherd by means of which he works, or rather, mediates, the regeneration of a believer --  for it is wrought by Christ and the Holy Spirit -- so that we can answer the main question of our research: by precisely what means does the Lord redeem and regenerate us? Let us turn again to life around us, since it is easier to find among men like us a similarity to the apostle than similarity to Christ. St Paul's words, "Be imitators of me, as I also am of Christ" (1Cor.11:1), apply equally to the servants of God today. Zealots of piety have not vanished and there are still found men and women whose deeds are in harmony with the apostle's words which have special reference to the moral influence which godly men exert (cp. 1Cor.10:33).

   A word of instruction is good, and still better is an edifying example, but what is incomparably higher than these? What would we call that third force which we delayed to define for a time? This power is co-suffering love, this power is the suffering for the sake of another person, which sets in motion his regeneration.^[ii] This mystery is not so far from us: it is often fulfilled before our very eyes, and sometimes even through us ourselves (although we do not always comprehend it yet). As a power of regeneration, it is constantly spoken of not only in the lives of the saints and biographies of righteous shepherds, but also in stories of secular literature, sometimes with extraordinary depth and accuracy. Both speak clearly of the active, revolutionary and sometimes insuperable power of co‑suffering love, although the first do not explain its relationship to Christ as our Redeemer, and the latter do not even understand it. As an old proverb says, "words instruct, and examples persuade," but co‑suffering love pours out a new life‑giving power into a sinner's heart if he does not purposely push it away. In submitting one's will to the co-suffering love of one's mother, one's friend, a virtuous wife or a good spiritual shepherd, or of the Chief Shepherd Himself (1Pt.5:4, as did Zacchaeus), the sinner suddenly finds in his soul, not the former hopeless debility and the indestructibly deep‑rooted vices against which he has perhaps struggled so frequently, but in vain, but an influx of new strength, a new, enthusiastic vitality or a holy indignation. That which had formerly seemed attractive to him becomes vile, and what had seemed burdensome and tedious now becomes beautiful and sweet. The former curmudgeon and robber exclaims: "Behold Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor, and if I have taken anything from any man by false accusation, I will restore him fourfold" (Lk. 19:9).

 

We are, for now, pointing out the fact and we will offer the explanation of it later; but the fact -- more exactly the law -- of psychologic interaction [reciprocity] is present before us. Without a doubt, the co‑suffering love of one who perceives the fallings of a neighbour with as much grief as if he himself were the sinner becomes a powerful force of regeneration. Sometimes it is expressed in admonitions, sometimes in tears or fervent prayers, sometimes in supplications to the one who has fallen. In all its forms, however, the effective cause is measured by the power of co‑suffering love. This is always verified by experience. When, for example, you reprimand an unruly young person, your pupil or child, he stands there with a blank look, having only one thought: "I have to listen to this lecture!" You threaten him, but either he does not take the threat seriously, or he becomes angry. Realizing that reasonable arguments or threats are futile for moving his will, you either become angry (in which case, your cause is lost) or you are moved to compassion for the youth who is walking the path of corruption. You imagine yourself to be in his place and you are horrified at the fate that awaits him: expulsion from school, venereal disease, perhaps prison, social contempt and even suicide. Your heart has become filled with compassion and sorrow, and having fallen silent for a moment, you begin to speak in a different tone. You tell him of your own personal wavering, of the heavy toll of internal struggle you had to pay to correct your own errors, how embarrassed you are at recalling the coarse words with which you insulted your parents in your own youth. And then, the countenance of your listener changes. His obduracy is shaken, he is moved to compunction and tears, and makes promises of self‑correction in response to your benevolent words. If you will always maintain the ability to treat the young person with such angerless, compassionate love, putting away self‑love from your soul, then the Lord will say to you, "You have gained your brother" (Mt. 18:15). He will gradually be completely regenerated and his acquaint­ances will marvel, thinking that he seems to be a completely different person from the one whom they knew to be a disorderly, lazy, dishonest debaucher.

Some reader will object, "Permit me to ask what this has to do with grace, regeneration and redemption? You are telling us what takes place in secular life." We reply that this phenomenon may occur even in the lives of secular people, but in secular life, only the first glimmer of such a manifestation of God's regenerating grace is encountered. The more or less lasting and profound effect of such grace is brought to pass only by those who constantly pray to God and call on His all‑powerful grace in all their dealings with their children, pupils or neighbours, banishing from their own hearts all vanity and worldly objectives.

    It is difficult to reconcile this with the usual conditions of life in this world. That great Russian writer [Dostoevsky] who creates pictures of the spiritual regeneration of sinners in all his works, introduces in his novels such loving and compassionate people, not only from secular society (though some occupied secular positions, such as Prince Myshkin and the father of The Adolescent) but also he presented the schema‑monk elder and the self‑denying novice in the fulness of the grace‑bearing nature. Dostoevsky went to lengths to prepare his readers to turn away from their prejudices against monastics, and in his earlier works, he focused attention not upon those who serve in the mystery of regeneration, but upon those upon whom it was bestowed, usually under the direct influence of Providence, that is, by means of disappointments, suffering, illness, impending death, and the like.

On the other hand, in his last novel [The Brothers Karamazov], he portrayed the characters of two such examples of brotherly love -- a youth and an old man in whom everyone who drew near to them experienced if not a transformation in soul, then at least deep moral stirring. And this was so for no other reason than that each one felt that he was dear to Elder Zosima, that the elder was, so to speak, entering into his soul and endeavouring to drive all evil out of it, and call forth every good thing to life. Here is how this is expressed in the Prologue for 29 May:

The elders have said that every man must do for his neighbours whatever he can. He must, as it were, put on his neighbour's flesh and carry his entire weight; he must suffer and rejoice and weep with him in every circumstance, or, in a word, he must be with him as if he shared the same body and soul. If some affliction befall his neighbour, he must grieve for him as for himself. For, it is written, `We are one body in Christ,' and again, `the heart and soul of the multitude of those who believed was one.'

If this is so, a reader may ask, then where is man's free will? Alas, it is present in all its potency. To be precise, the inner stirring just aroused can only beckon the soul toward a better life, giving it the hope of possible regeneration. The acceptance or angry rejection of this call depends on an action of free will. The inevitable and unavoidable influence of grace‑bearing co‑suffering love lies only in its leading the soul out of a condition of moral indifference, distraction and incomprehension toward a definite decision, to be with God or against God. Thus the righteous Symeon foretold of the Redeemer on the fortieth day of His earthly life: "Behold, this child is set for the fall and rise of many in Israel...so that the mind of many hearts may be revealed" (Lk.2:34‑35). Christ's words to Nikodemos have this same sense: "This is the judgment, that light is come into the world and men loved darkness rather than light" (Jn.3:19). The words which follow are especially significant: "If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not have had sin; but now they have no cloak for their sin...now they have both seen and hated both Me and My Father" (Jn. 15:22, 24).

Thus, contact with regenerating grace does not destroy one's freedom, but brings one to a decisive self determination to follow the path of good or evil, one's own justification or condemnation (see 1Pt.2:7, 8 and 2 Cor.2:15). John the Baptist, burning with zeal for the salvation of mankind, impelled many to a sudden decision to change their lives, and they asked, "What may we do [to be saved]?" (Lk.3:12). The same was true of Apostle Peter's sermon on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2:37). Others, on the contrary, who heard the desert dweller preach, were filled with hatred toward him and roused up Herodias to cause his execution, to which the Saviour Himself bore witness (Mt.17:12).

About thirty years ago on Mt Athos, the great elder Jerome gathered about 2000 monks in the previously desolate St Panteleimon Monastery. He was distinguished by boundless meekness and compassion toward human weakness, yet all those who sinned or were heading toward sin felt that the elder's spirit was in some manner blocking their path and, at the very thought of him, they were brought to repentance and went to him for confession. But this was not always the case. Once, the elder was peacefully sitting near the monastery gates when suddenly an enraged monk ran up to him, seized his beard and began beating him. "What is wrong with you?" the elder inquired peacefully. "You do not let me live!" exclaimed the monk, who was wrestling with some secret temptations. "But I do not even remember your face," the elder said. The monk, however, was already at the blessed man's feet, in tears of repentance.

The great Russian writer Dostoevsky masterfully portrays for us this action of co‑suffering love which divides people into those being regenerated and those being condemned. Unbelieving visitors of Elder Zosima were so moved by his meek appearance and words that some of them were filled with repentance whereas others were so filled with malice that for no evident reason they would violate all rules of decorum.

One ought not to be disturbed by the fact that, in explaining the sacred dogma, we make use not only of Sacred Scripture but also of examples from secular literature, the very mention of which creates an aversion in many spiritual readers. But what else can one do when there are so many readers who, only under great constraint, will read or listen to extracts from the sacred writings. Christ the Saviour Himself explained His teaching with parables drawn from everyday life and St Tikhon of Zadonsk wrote a whole book titled Spiritual Treasure Gathered From the Secular World.

And so we confirm the truth divinely revealed to us and confirmed by observation and the experience of life, that the principle and strength of moral regeneration is the power of co‑suffering love. To a certain degree, it is found even in the nature of unregenerate persons, as in maternal love. But a deep and decisive regeneration of a beloved one can be produced only by one who lives by Christ and depends on His power to bring about this regeneration.

Such a disposition of co‑suffering love is a grace-bearing fruit of a godly life and of nature (the love of a Christian mother, for example). It is accessible to lay people who live in God, but usually only in relationship to certain close relatives, to a pious, trusted teacher or to comrades in activity or fate (Nekrasov^[iii] takes an example from life in penal servitude); but in relationship to all people, the earnest of this gift is imparted in the mystery of ordination, something which our scholastic theologians have overlooked. St John Chrysostom, however, clearly expressed this in his precious words which completely convinced me that my "innovations" which I introduced as a professor of pastoral theology (1893‑1900) coincide with the teaching of the Church and that I was not proceeding "as one beating the air" (1Cor.9:26). He says:

Spiritual love is not born of anything earthly; it comes from above, from Heaven, and is imparted in the mystery of holy Orders; but the assimilation and retention of the gift depends on the aspirations of the spirit of man.

The later Church father St Symeon the New Theologian agrees with Chrysostom in considering one worthy of priesthood:

... who so loves God, that on merely hearing the name of Christ, he is consumed with love and sheds tears, and who, moreover, weeps over his neighbour, reckoning as his own the sins of others, sincerely regarding himself as the chief of sinners, and who, knowing the frailty of human nature, puts his trust in the grace of God and the fortitude which comes from it, and who, inspired by its fervour, undertakes this task [the work of priesthood] because of his zeal -- disregarding human considerations -- and is ready to lay down his very soul for the commandment of God and love of his neighbour (Twelve Homilies, ed.1869).

 
BEARERS OF CO-SUFFERING LOVE
MINISTERS OF REDEMPTION

So far we have spoken about the action of co‑suffering love, but now let us direct our attention to its bearers: in what feeling, in what experience is it expressed? It is evident that it is found in inner suffering for others, in co‑suffering. And so we have come to the concept of redemptive co‑suffering. The door is now open before us to a feasible understanding of the redemptive power of Christ's sufferings.

The Church clearly teaches those who would partake of the Holy Mysteries that the grace of regeneration is given from the co‑suffering love of Christ the Saviour. This is expressed in the words of St Symeon the New Theologian, in the seventh prayer before Communion:

Neither the greatness of my offenses nor the multitude of my transgressions surpasses the great longsuffering of my God and His exceeding love for man, but with the oil of co-suffering [compassion] dost Thou purify and illumine those who fervently repent, and Thou makest them to partake abundantly of the light and to be communicants of Thy Divinity.

These are precious words which explain the mystery of redemption and expand the significance of Paul's words: "For we do not have a high priest who is unable to co‑suffer with our weaknesses" (Hb.4:15). The fourth antiphon of Great Friday Matins clearly says that Christ's sufferings were His co‑suffering for mankind: "O Thou who dost suffer for and with mankind, glory be to Thee."

Speaking of himself as a servant of regeneration, Apostle Paul clearly expresses the truth that co-suffering (compassion) which is filled with love and zeal for the flock is a regenerating power, which gradually instills spiritual life into those hearts where it had not previously existed, just as a child receives life in the birth sufferings of the mother: "My children, of whom I travail in birth again until Christ is formed in you" (Gal.4:19; Jn.16:21,22). In another place, the apostle writes that the spiritual life of the flock increases according to the measure that their teacher dies physically in his pastoral suffering: "Thus death is actively at work in us, but life in you" (2Cor.4:12; cp.1Cor.4:10‑16).

In the prayer for accomplishing the mystery of the consecration of bishops, the successors of the apostles, the regenerating power of their service is also described as suffering (that is, co‑suffering with the sinful flock), in which the hierarch represents, to the people, Christ the true Teacher and Redeemer:

As it is not possible for the human nature to bear the Divine essence, by Thine ekonomy Thou hast appointed teachers for us having a nature like our own, subject to passions, who stand before Thy throne...make this appointed steward of the episcopal grace an imitator of Thee, the true Shepherd, Who has laid down Thy life for Thy flock....May he stand unashamed before Thy throne and receive the great reward which Thou hast prepared for those who have suffered for the preaching of the Gospel.

The co‑suffering love of a mother, friend, a spiritual shepherd or an apostle is operative only when it attracts Christ, the true Shepherd. If, however, it functions only in the sphere of human relations, it can, it is true, evoke tender attitudes and repentant sentiment, but not a radical regeneration. The latter is so difficult for our corrupt nature that not in vain did Nikodemos, speaking with Christ, liken this difficulty to an adult person entering again into his mother's womb and being born for a second time. The Lord replied that what is impossible in the limits of human life is possible in the life of grace, in which the Holy Spirit descends from heaven and operates. And to grant us this gift, Christ had to be crucified and raised, as Moses raised the serpent in the wilderness, that all who believe in Him should not perish, but have life eternal (see Jn.3:13‑15).

So that which grace‑bearing people can do only in part and only for some people, our Heavenly Redeemer can do, and does do, completely and for all. Filled with the deepest compassion for sinful humanity during His earthly life, He often exclaimed: "O faithless and perverted generation, how long shall I be with you? How long shall I endure you?" (Mt.17:17). He was oppressed with the greatest sorrow on the night when the greatest crime in human history occurred, when God's ministers --  with the complicity of Christ's own disciple, the former through envy, the latter through greed --  decided to put the Son of God to death.

This oppressive grief possessed His most pure soul for a second time on the cross when the cruel masses not only were not moved to pity by His terrible physical sufferings (they could not even grasp His moral sufferings) but also maliciously mocked the Sufferer. One must suppose that during that night in Gethsemane, the thought and feeling of the God‑man embraced all of fallen humanity -- numbering many millions -- and wept with loving grief over each one individually, as only the all‑knowing divine heart could. Our redemption consisted in this. This is why only God, the God‑man could be our Redeemer, and not an angel or a man. It was not at all because a more valuable sacrifice was necessary for the satisfaction of Divine wrath. Ever since this night in Gethsemane and that day on Golgotha, every believer, even one who is just beginning to believe, recognizes his inner bond with Christ and turns to Him in prayer, as to an inexhaustible spring of moral regenerating strength. Few are able to explain exactly why they so easily assimilated faith in the possibility of receiving new moral energy and sanctification from turning to Christ, but no believer doubts this, nor do even the heretics.

Having suffered in His loving soul over our imperfection and our corrupt will, the Lord poured into our nature a wellspring of new, vital strength, available to everyone who has ever or will ever desire it, beginning with the wise thief.

One may ask: "How does this happen? Upon what does the causal bond between suffering and regeneration depend if the latter is not an external gift of God as a reward for the merits of the One? How can one explain this transmission of moral energy from a loving heart into the hearts of the beloved ones, from the Sufferer to those for whom He had co‑suffered? You have presented to us factual proof that it is thus; you have confirmed it with the words of the prayers of the Church and the words of the holy fathers and the Bible. Finally you wish, from this point of view, to explain the death agony of the Saviour, evidently ascribing only a secondary significance to His physical sufferings, the shedding of His blood and death. But we still desire to know what law of existence causes this communion of the Redeemer with those being redeemed, and the influence, which we ourselves have observed, of the co‑suffering will of one man upon others. Is this merely a result of a conscious submission of the will of a loved one to the will of the one who is loving, or is there something taking place here that is deeper--something objective, something that takes place in the very nature of our souls?"

"Of course," we would reply to the latter. I have always been very dissatisfied when a collocutor to whom I had explained redeeming grace, responded from the point of view of scholastic theology, to this effect: you are expounding the subjective, moral aspect of the dogma, but you do not touch upon the objective, metaphysical (that is, the juridical) aspect. "No," I would reply. "In the transmission of the compassionate, loving energies of the Redeemer into the spiritual nature of a believing person who calls upon His help, we find manifested a purely objective law of our spiritual nature revealed in our dogmas, but which our dogmatic science has not noticed."

Nevertheless, before turning to the explanation of this law, one must first refute the current opinion that Christ's prayer in Gethsemane was inspired by fear of His approaching sufferings and death. This would have been extremely unworthy of the Lord, Whose servants both after this and even before (the Maccabees, for instance) faced torments rejoicing and exulting amidst the tortures of their bodies, longing to die for Christ as if it were the greatest blessing. The Saviour knew very well that His Spirit would be separated from His body for less than two full days; and for this reason alone, he would not have looked upon bodily death as something terrible.^[iv]

We are convinced that the heavy torments of the Saviour in Gethsemane came from a contemplation of the sinful life and evil disposition of all human generations, beginning with His enemies and betrayers,^[v] and that the Lord's words: "Father, if Thou be willing, remove this cup from Me," refer not to His impending crucifixion and death, but precisely to this crushing state of profound grief for sinful humanity which He so dearly loved.

Apostle Paul confirms the correctness of our interpretation, when he expresses himself relative to the Gethsemane prayer in connection with the morally regenerating action of Christ upon people as their common High Priest:

Christ did not glorify Himself to become a high priest; but He Who said unto Him, `Thou art My Son...' Who in the days of His flesh, when He had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears unto Him that was able to save Him from death, and was heard because of His reverence.^[vi]

You see, therefore, that the Lord did not pray for deliverance from crucifixion and death, for then it would be impossible to say that He was heard, since He was not delivered from crucifixion and death. He prayed for relief from His overwhelming grief for sinful mankind. This grief was the "cup" that He asked the Heavenly Father to remove from Him. "He prayed saying, `O My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from Me'" (Mt.26:39; cp. Mk.14:37; Lk.22:42). From these words it is clear that the Lord prayed, not concerning His impending sufferings, but about that which He suffered "in this hour," the very hour in which He prayed. How, then, was He heard?

An angel appeared to Him and supported Him. The Heavenly Father heard His suffering Son, crushed by the picture of the sinful world of man, and sent to Him a witness from another world -- the world of holy angels, who had not apostatized from His will nor forsaken His love. The appearance of the angel comforted Jesus and He bravely went forth to meet the enemies and the betrayer. This is the sense in which He was heard, and the further words of the apostle confirm our understanding of the Gethsemane prayer as the prayer of a high priest:

Though He was a Son, yet He learned obedience by the things which He suffered; and being made perfect, He became the cause of eternal salvation unto all them that obey Him; designated by God a high priest according to the order of Melchizedek (Hb.5:8‑10).

These words literally confirm what we wrote above: precisely that Christ's co‑suffering love appears in our hearts as a sanctifying power; and in this sense, He is our High Priest.

We can now return to the question: by what law of existence is this possible? We have seen that it is actual, which means that it is logically possible. But by what means? It is here that we see the value of Christ's incarnation. It has been explained that only the all‑encompassing God could love each person individually and grieve for him. Now we shall see that only a man could transmit his own holiness into the hearts of other men. In a word, our Redeemer can only be a God‑man, which, in fact, He is.^[vii]

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[i]. [Ed. Note:] In the introductory paragraphs, Metropolitan Antony refers to various of his other writings in which he had previously touched upon this subject. These other articles, however, comprise Volume 2 of his complete series relative to the main dogmas of the faith, and not in this volume.

[ii]. [Author's Note:] Since Apostle Paul undertakes to save people, how foolish is the indignation of the Protestants (and our own Fr Neplyuev) about the exclamation, "Most Holy Theotokos, save us." How foolish are they to forbid the calling of spiritual shepherds "father" as if obeying Christ's words, "call no man on earth father" (Mt.23:9). In that case, Paul would have often transgressed the Lord's commandment, and John even mere so. Likewise, Stephen who even called the Jewish priests "father" (Acts 7:2), not to mention the fathers of old (cp.2Cl 5, etc; Rm.4:16).

[iii]. [Editor's Note:] Nekrasov, Nikolai Alexeevich (1821-1877). Poet who strove to advance the healing of society. He expressed the grief and sorrow of the common people.

[iv]. [Ed. Note:] St Hilary of Poitlers devotes several paragraphs to refuting the idea that Christ felt fear in Gethsemane. He says that Christ's words, "My soul is sorrowful unto death" cannot mean that He was sorrowful because of His own impending death. He was sorrowful unto death in that He sorrowed so greatly over fallen humanity that He came unto death over it. "So far from His sadness being caused by death, it was removed by it." (see also the following endnote).

[v]. [Ed. Note:] Concerning the words, "Let this cup pass from Me," St Hilary says, "For this prayer is immediately followed by the words, 'and He came to His disciples and found them sleeping, and said to Peter; could you not watch one hour with Me?...the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh Is weak....' Is the cause of this sadness and this prayer any longer in doubt?...it is not, therefore, for Himself that He is sorrowful and prays, but for those whom He exhorts...." The saint points out that Christ had no need to fear His passion and death, but that even those who were committed to Him would so fear it that at first, on account of it, they would flee and fear to confess Him, and that Christ was sorrowful over this. The whole passage is well worth reading. See On the Trinity, Book 10:30C40. See also St John Chrysostom, Against the Marcionites and Maniceans; St Cyril of Alexandria, On Luke, Sermon 146, 147 and St Ambrose of Milan, On Luke, Book 10:56C62. Both St Cyril and St Ambrose directly confirm Metropolitan Antony's interpretation of the cause and significance of Christ's agony in Gethsemane, and the "cup" which He asked to have removed from Him. A number of other fathers also confirm this.

[vi]. [Ed. Note:] Hb.5:7. The KJV mistranslates the verse as "in that He feared." The translators may have been using the word to signify "great reverence," as the word "fear" is often used in that manner in older English, but it is very misleading, and quite incorrect. Marshall's interlinear Version, the NEV and the 20 Century Version translate the verse more or less correctly. The Amplified translates correctly, but then adds a Calvinist interpretive note which renders itself absurd. One must also cite the correct translations in the Wycliff Version of 1380, Cranmer's 1536 rendition, and Tyndall's translation of 1534.

[vii]. [Ed. Note:] See, for example, St Irenae of Lyons, Against Heresies, Book 5, 1:1.

Glory to Jesus Christ!
Submitted by Archbishop Lazar Puhalo